试谈《大学英语综合教程》中的特殊否定现象

　　本文论述了在英语教学中应让学生注意英语中的特殊否定形式，只有这样，学生才能提高水平。

　　完全否定、部分否定、转移否定和排除否定是由于否定词位置的不同、搭配上的不一致而产生的特殊否定现象，《大学英语综合教程》中这几种否定现象出现频率较高，本文拟对它们进行探讨如下。

　　一、用肯定结构表否定意义，在意义上相当于英语的“can not...”，译为“简直不，无法，难以”

　　The impact they’ve had on my confidence is more them word can describe is more than words can describe(Book III Unit 6)

　　他们对我信心的影响是词语无法描述的。

　　The blow is more than words can tell.(Book III Unit 6)

　　这打击远非词语能表达。

　　二、完全否定(absolute negation)

　　Absolute Negation表示一种绝对没有的情况，是对整体的全部否定。它的构成方式有以下几种：

　　1.绝对否定词(no，never，no one，nobody，none，nothing，neither，nowhere，no more，no longer，no way)加上肯定谓语表示：

　　I would never have been able to finish those two miles if I were you.(Book I Unit 6)

　　如果我是你的话，绝对不可能跑完那两英里。

　　Until the lawyer read her will，I never fully appreciated the depth of the old lady’s love.(Book II Unit 5)

　　直到律师宣读她遗嘱那一刻，我才充分感受到这位老妇人深深的爱。

　　It was a moment I will never forget——a day that made me the richest kid in town.(Book II Unit 5)

　　这是一个我永生难忘的时刻—这一天，我成了镇上最富有的孩子。

　　...，bring a little happiness into a place where no one ever looks forward to going.(Book Ⅱ Unit 6)

　　给那个谁也不愿去的地方带去一点快乐。

　　No longer was Jim the gentle，affectionate，loving man he was when we’d first met.(Book IV Unit2)

　　吉姆不再像我们初次见面时那样温柔、体贴、充满爱心了。

　　periodically asked for but never was given back his Olympic prizes.

　　他不时地要求把奥林匹克奖牌发还给他，但最终也未能要回。

　　No one at the base has ever seen a figure like that.

　　基地上没有哪个人曾见过这样的高分。

　　We’re none of us getting any younger.

　　我们都不年轻啦。

　　And nothing can grow there.

　　那里什么东西也无法生长。

　　But neither the nursery nor the hotel my parents bought later had provided enough money to send my sister and me to college.

　　然而无论是托儿所还是我父母后来购买的汽车旅馆都不能提供足够的收入供我妹妹和我上大学。

　　There were no more butterflies in my stomach when I opened up an abdomen or a chest.

　　当我切开病人的腹部或胸腔时我不再紧张得瑟瑟发抖了。

　　First，weather would no longer be important.

　　首先，气候将变得无关紧要。

　　I know there is no way to prepare for the next time.

　　我知道我不可能为下次做好准备。

　　2.用一般否定词not或never加上非肯定词表示：

　　It lies midway between two of the trees，not too near yet not too far from the trunks.(BookI Unit5)

　　它就放在两棵树的中间，距离树干既不太近，又不太远。

　　It wouldn’t be worth it，even if my foot did heal.(Book I Unit 6)

　　即使我的脚真的好了，这也不值得。

　　I couldn’t believe it.(Book I Unit 6)

　　我真不敢相信。

　　Not because she wanted me to win，but because she wanted me to keep going and not give up.(Book I Unit 6)

　　并不是因为她想要我获胜，而是因为她希望我坚持跑下去不要放弃。

　　Here I was surrounded by people I did not know and who did not know me.(Book I Unit 1)

　　在这里，周围都是我不认识的人，而他们也不认识我。

　　...，but he cut me short with a sharp“No，you can’t”.(Book II Unit 2)

　　但他猛然打断了我，厉声说道：“没有，找不到。”

　　The shame which I felt can not be described.(Book II Unit 2)

　　我感到的耻辱无法用语言形容。

　　Step by step，I can’t see any other way of accomplishing anything.(Book II Unit 3)

　　一步一步地走，这是唯一的成功之路。

　　It is really not that complicated，Mary.(Book II Unit 7)

　　其实这事并没有这么复杂，玛丽.

　　“The wash did not let me die.”(Book IV Unit 1)

　　“这些要洗的衣服还不肯让我死呢。”

　　The fact that I don’t enjoy it doesn’t matter.(Book IV Unit 3)

　　我不喜欢音乐，这无关紧要。

　　You’ll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way.

　　你要是老这样消磨时间你将一事无成。

　　三、部分否定(Partial Negation)

　　Partial Negation是对集体中一部分被肯定、表整个意义的词用一般否定词not修饰，表示的是一部分被肯定，一部分被否定。《大学英语》中有以下三种形式：

　　1.用“not+...+表示全体意义的词”表示：

　　I didn’t mean all the thing I said.

　　我刚才说的那些话不全是当真的。

　　They can’t tract down all the cheaters any more.

　　他们再也查不出所有的作弊者了。

　　The intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the world.

　　目的并不是要捉拿所有的人而是抓住足够的作弊者以便把信息传开去。

　　2.用“表全体意义的词+not”表示：

　　But all this hasn’t made a dent，not a dent，in the situation.

　　但是一切努力收效很少。

　　All of us couldn’t fit in there.

　　那儿容不下咱们所有的人。

　　3.用“not+表全体意义的词”表示：

　　We’re not always as perceptive as we might be about-applying the rule.

　　然而对于运用这一规律我们的感觉并非一直都很敏锐。

　　Not every winter is critical for deer of course.

　　当然了，并非每个冬天鹿都处于危难之中。

　　Not everyone can interact with such persistance and over long hours.

　　不是每个人都能以这样的韧性与人周旋的。

　　A good many patients gain renewed selfconfidence when gainfully employed and lose some，if not all，of their most acute symptoms.

　　许许多多病人一旦受聘从事有一定收益的工作，便重新获得失去部分，如果不是全部的话，最严重的症状。

　　4.用little，few，hardly等部分否定词：

　　Unfortunately，he discovered that he had little aptitude for programming.(Book III Unit7)

　　遗憾的是，他发现自己在编程方面没有什么天分。

　　四、转移否定(Transferred Negation)

　　Transferred Negation指的是形式上与逻辑上否定的不一致，《大学英语综合教程》中主要有以下三种形式。

　　1.从谓语否定转移到宾语否定。

　　I don’t think it’s because they don’t know how，Ithink it’s because counter productive.(Book III Unit 6)

　　我想这样不是因为它们还知道怎么做，而是因为这么做会适得其反。

　　I don’t believe I’ve the pleasure of knowing you.

　　我想我和你并不相识。

　　But the two policemen didn’t think that would be much help.

　　但那两名警察却认为这对破案不会有多大帮助。

　　His friends and doctors didn’t think he could do it，as he had lung cancer.

　　由于他患有肺癌，朋友们和医生们都认为他不能做那事。

　　2.合成谓语内部从谓语动词否定转移到不定式或从句否定。

　　But it doesn’t seem to the economy.

　　但它似乎经济没有什么联系。

　　I didn’t seem able to do anything tight.

　　我仿佛什么事情都没法干好。

　　But he doesn’t seem to understand and kept trying to coins into her hand.

　　但他却好像没有听懂，只管把硬币往他手里塞。

　　And I’m positive that he didn’t for a moment feel that he was in anyway cheating the store.

　　我也确信他觉得自己一点也没有在欺骗商店。

　　3.从谓语否定转移到状语从句。

　　I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.

　　我之所以教书不是因为我觉得教书轻松。

　　We didn’t set up the cooperation merely because we wanted to make profits.

　　我们建立公司不仅仅是为了攒钱。

　　John didn’t marry Alice because she was rich，nor she was pretty.

　　约翰之所以与艾丽斯结婚不是因为她富有而美丽。

　　I didn’t leave college because I was tired of learning.

　　我离开大学不是因为我厌倦了学习。

　　五、排除否定(Excluded Negation)

　　Excluded Negation指的是句中含有排除连词和排除介词(but，except，besides，beyond，unless，as well as等)的否定句。

　　My doctor won’t let me drink anything but champagne.

　　我的医生让我喝香槟。

　　To Betty Van Meter，this man was not an enemy but rather a suffering human being.

　　在贝蒂·范·米特眼里，这个伤兵不是敌人而是个受苦受难的人。

　　It was so far beyond my means that I had never thought of going there.

　　这远远超过我的经济实力，所以从来我连想都没有想过去那种地方。

　　Of the guests，none except the American noticed this.

　　在座的客人中除了那位美国人以外谁也没有注意到这一幕。

　　Unless you do ，you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.

　　不这样做，你的读书就不可能是最有效的。

　　Technology includes techniques，or ways to do things，as all as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.

　　除机器外技术还包括技艺即制作方法，而这些技艺方法的运用并不一定都要机器。

　　作者：李明会 来源：考试周刊 2016年44期