摘要:独立主格结构是英语中一个特殊的语法现象。它在大学英语教学中属于较难掌握的一个语法点。为了能够更好地掌握这一结构的用法,提高理解和表达英语的能力,笔者从教学的角度阐述了独立主格结构的基本概念、结构及功能、常见出题形式及解题策略。
关键词:独立主格;结构;功能;特征
英语中的独立主格结构是大学英语教学中很重要也是学生们感到很困难的语法点, 因为它千变万化,形式多样, 很难把握。要想灵活使用独立主格结构,必须从以下几方面入手:
一、独立主格的形式
逻辑主语(名词或代词)加上一个形容词性v-ing或v-ed形式、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式,以及with独立主格结构和there be\ it be 句型的现在分词独立结构构成,分别称为分词独立结构、无动词独立结构、不定式独立结构、with 独立结构、there be 独立结构。
二、独立主格结构的功能
1、其作用相当于状语从句,多用来表示行为方式或伴随情况,也可以用来表示时间、原因、条件等,常用在书面语中。
2、独立主格形式只是一个小短语,不是主谓完整的简单句。它可使整个英语句子结构紧凑、描述生动具体。独立主格的位置比较灵活,可置于句首、句中和句尾。
三、独立主格结构的特点
1、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2、逻辑主语与后面的单词或短语是主谓关系。
3、独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
四、独立主格结构的分类
1、分词独立主格:
分词独立主格结构用作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等;有时可作同位语,起补充说明的作用。这里要注意:分词作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话,分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词),构成分词的独立主格结构。(分词和分词的独立主格作状语的区别口诀:主从主语如一致,分词短语作状语;主从主语不一致,独立主格作状语。)
when tom had finished his homework, he went out. = having finished his homework, tom went out. (主从主语如一致,分词短语作状语)
after the meeting was over, all the members went to the dinning-hall. = the meeting( being)over, all the members went to the dinning-hall. (主从主语不一致,独立主格作状语。)
① 做时间状语
the dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. = after the dark clouds had dispersed, the sun shone again. 乌云消散后,太阳有出来了。
all the officials having arrived m the meeting was declared open.
官员们到齐后,就宣布开会。
the morning fog blown away, the sun could be seen climbing up
over the hills to our east. 清晨的大雾散去,太阳从东边的山上爬出来。
② 做伴随状语
she rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms.
她怀抱婴儿冲出了房间。
mary ran back to the kitchen , eggs held carefully in her hand.
他慢慢地向山顶爬去,每走一步都要丧失一部分勇气。
he returned , his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.他满脸是泥、衣衫褴褛地回来了。
③ 做原因状语
they being blind, how could they see the elephants ?
他们是瞎子,怎么能看得见大象?
circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan.情况变了,你有必要制定一个新计划。
her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.
她由于衬衫挂在钉子上了而无法脱身。
④ 做条件状语
weather permitting , we’ll have a football match tomorrow.
天气允许的话,我们明天举行一场足球比赛。
everything taken into account, his plan seems to be more workable.
综合起来考虑,似乎他的计划更可行。
all the work done, you can have a rest.
所有的工作都完成了,你们可以休息了。
⑤ 做方式状语
he guiding her, they crossed the street.
她在他的引领下过了马路。
he was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.
他躺在草地上,双手交叉枕在头下。
这里要注意:当名词与其后的短语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,用v-ing 形式;存在逻辑上的动宾关系,用v-ed形式。当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用v-ing形式,不及物动词用v-ed 形式。
2、不定式独立主格:
常作状语,表示说明或伴随,偶尔也作主语。(注意:不定式表示将来的动作。)
here are two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
这是前两卷,第三卷在下月出版。
we divided the work, she to clean the window and i to sweep the floor. 我们做了分工,她擦窗子,我扫地。
i to bear this is some burden.我担负此物颇不轻松。
3、无动词独立主格:常用作状语,表示方式或伴随等。
① 逻辑主语+名词
the children, many of them infants, were left with nothing to eat.
孩子们,其中有许多是婴儿,没有任何东西吃了。
② 逻辑主语+ 形容词
she sat down on the ground, her face pale with great pain.
她坐在地上,痛苦得脸色发白。
③ 逻辑主语+副词
the meeting over, we made for the dining hall.
会议结束后,我们向食堂走去。
④ 逻辑主语+介词短语 当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。
the teacher entered the classroom, book in hand.
老师拿着书走进了教室。
4、with 独立主格常作方式、伴随、和原因状语等。
the boy entered the room, without shoes and socks on.
孩子们光着脚走进了屋子。
with all the work on hand, he shouldn’t have gone to the cinema last
night.他手头这么多活,昨晚真不应该去看电影。
without anyone noticing , john slipped out of the classroom.
约翰神不知鬼不觉地溜出了教室。
5、there be \ it be 句型的现在分词的独立主格
there being nothing else to do, we went home.
既然没什么可干的,我们就回家了。
there having been no rain, the plants withered.
植物因缺少雨水而枯萎了。
以上是一些独立主格的常见用法,但由于这种用法变化很多,希望在使用的时候要特别留意它们的变体,逻辑主语是否搭配恰当以及主句与从句之间关系等问题。
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